In economics, demand is the desire to own anything, the ability to pay for it, and the willingness to pay (see also supply and demand). The term demand signifies the ability or the willingness to buy a particular commodity at a given point of time.

Economists record demand on a demand schedule and plot it on a graph as a demand curve that is usually downward sloping. The downward slope reflects the relationship between price and quantity demanded: as price decreases, quantity demanded increases. In principle, each consumer has a demand curve for any product that he or she would consider buying, and the consumer's demand curve is equal to the marginal utility (benefit) curve. When the demand curves of all consumers are added up, the result is the market demand curve for that product. If there are no externalities, the market demand curve is also equal to the social utility (benefit) curve.

'''Elements of the Law of Demand As Melvin and Boyes note the law of demand is defined as: # The quantity of a well-defined good or service that: # People are willing and able to buy. # During a particular period of time. # Decreases/increases as the price of that good or service rises/falls # All other factors remain constant.

Melvin and Boyes (2010)

Demand is a relationship between two variables, price and quantity demanded, with all other factors that could affect demand being held constant.

:well defined - The key phrase in the first element is “well defined”. The purpose of the phrase is to ensure that we are examining the relationship between price and quantity demanded for the same good. If we are interested in demand for a particular good there is no reason to compare the relationship between the price of the good and the change in quantity demanded of a different goods. Goods are well defined if they share the same characteristics - brand, model, age, quality and performance to name a few. For example a Cadillac CTS-V is a high performance car manufactured by General Motors. The defining feature of the car is its engine - a supercharged OHV 6.2 liter L V-8. The engine produces 556 horsepower and 551 lb·ft of torque. The engine enables the vehicle to go from zero to 60 in 3.9 seconds. The car cost about 65,000.00. If we are interested in the demand for the CTS-V we need to compare the price of a CTS-V to the quantity demanded for a CTS-V and not a Ford Festiva.

:willing and able - to participate in the market a consumer must not only be willing to buy a good she must be able to buy as well. For example, John may want to buy a Cadillac CTS. However unless he has the cash or credit to consummate the purchase his unrealized desires are irrelevant.

:particular time period - demand measures the rate at which goods are being purchased during a specified period of time. For example to say that four thousand units are sold at a price of 65,000 does not tell us the level of demand unless we specify the time period per day per week per month.

:nature of the relationship - this portion of the definition establishes that the price and quantity demanded have a negative or inverse relationship along the demand curve.

:held constant ; there are innumerable factors other than price than can affect the level of demand. Some of the more important are income, price of related goods, number of buyers, expectations and tastes and preferences. To focus on the cause and effect relationship between the good's own price and the quantity of the good demanded all these other factors must be held constant. To hold a variable constant means to freeze its value and not allow it to change.

Demand schedule

The demand schedule shows the quantity of goods that a consumer would be willing and able to buy at specific prices under the existing circumstances. Some of the more important factors affecting demand are the price of the good, the price of related goods, tastes and preferences, income, and consumer expectations.

Factors affecting demand

Innumerable factors and circumstances could affect a buyer's willingness or ability to buy a good. Some of the more common factors are: :Good's own price:The basic demand relationship is between potential prices of a good and the quantities that would be purchased at those prices. Generally the relationship is negative meaning that an increase in price will induce a decrease in the quantity demanded. This negative relationship is embodied in the downward slope of the consumer demand curve. The assumption of a negative relationship is reasonable and intuitive. If the price of a new novel is high, a person might decide to borrow the book from the public library rather than buy it. Or if the price of a new piece of equipment is high a firm may decide to repair existing equipment rather than replacing it.

: Price of related goods: The principal related goods are complements and substitutes. A complement is a good that is used with the primary good. Examples include hotdogs and mustard, beer and pretzels, automobiles and gasoline. (Perfect complements behave as a single good.) If the price of the complement goes up the quantity demanded of the other good goes down. Mathematically, the variable representing the price of the complementary good would have a negative coefficient in the demand function. For example, Q_d = a - P - P_g where Q is the quantity of automobiles demanded, P is the price of automobiles and P_g is the price of gasoline. The other main category of related goods are substitutes. Substitutes are goods that can be used in place of the primary good. The mathematical relationship between the price of the substitute and the demand for the good in question is positive. If the price of the substitute goes down the demand for the good in question goes down.

:Personal Disposable Income: In most cases, the more disposable income (income after tax and receipt of benefits) you have the more likely you buy.

:Tastes or preferences:The greater the desire to own a good the more likely you are to buy the good. There is a basic distinction between desire and demand. Desire is a measure of the willingness to buy a good based on its intrinsic qualities. Demand is the willingness and ability to put one's desires into effect. It is assumed that tastes and preferences are relatively constant.

:Consumer expectations about future prices and income: If a consumer believes that the price of the good will be higher in the future he is more likely to purchase the good now. If the consumer expects that her income will be higher in the future the consumer may buy the good now. In other words positive expectations about future income may encourage present consumption.

This list is not exhaustive. All facts and circumstances that a buyer finds relevant to his willingness or ability to buy goods can affect demand. For example, a person caught in an unexpected storm is more likely to buy an umbrella than if the weather were bright and sunny.

Demand function and demand equation

The demand equation is the mathematical expression of the relationship between the quantity of a good demanded and those factors that affect the willingness and ability of a consumer to buy the good. For example, Q_d = f(P; P_rg, Y) is a demand equation where Q_d is the quantity of a good demanded, P is the price of the good, P_rg is the price of a related good, and Y is income; the function on the right side of the equation is called the demand function. The semi-colon in the list of arguments in the demand function means that the variables to the right are being held constant as we plot the demand curve in (quantity, price) space. A simple example of a demand equation is Q_d = 325 - P - 30P_rg + 1.4Y. Here 325 is the repository of all relevant non-specified factors that affect demand for the product. P is the price of the good. The coefficient is negative in accordance with the law of demand. The related good may be either a complement or a substitute. If a complement, the coefficient of its price would be negative as in this example. If a substitute, the coefficient of its price would be positive. Income, Y, has a positive coefficient indicating that the good is a normal good. If the coefficient was negative the good in question would be an inferior good meaning that the demand for the good would fall as the consumer's income increased. Specifying values for the non price determinants, Prg = 4.00 and Y = 50, results in the demand equation Q = 325 - P - 30(4) +1.4(50) or Q = 275 - P. If income were to increase to 55 the new demand equation would be Q = 282 - P. Graphically this change in a non price determinant of demand would be reflected in an outward shift of the demand function caused by a change in the x intercept.

Demand curve

The relationship of price and quantity demanded can be exhibited graphically as the demand curve. The curve is generally negatively sloped. The curve is two-dimensional and depicts the relationship between two variables only: price and quantity demanded. All other factors affecting demand are held constant. However, these factors are part of the demand curve and influence the location of the curve. In many economics graphs, such as that of the demand curve, the independent variable is plotted on the vertical axis and the dependent variable on the horizontal axis. Consequently, the graphical presentation is technically that of the equation P = f(Q) where f(Q) is the inverse demand function, although the graph is referred to simply as the demand curve.

Income and Substitution Effects

The negative slope of the demand curve is due to the substitution and income effects. If the relative price of a good falls consumers will substitute that good for more expensive goods -that will buy more of the good whose relative price has fallen and less of the other goods. This is the substitution effect. When the relative price of a good falls the consumer can buy the same bundle of goods as before the price decline and have some money left over. This money can be used to purchase more of all his consumption goods. In other words his purchasing power is called the income effect.

Discrete goods

In some cases it is impractical to represent the relationship between price and demand with a continuous curve because of small quantities demanded. Goods and services measured in small units are best represented with a smooth curve. Examples include food measured in calories and leisure measured in minutes. However, when the price of a good is very high in proportion to a consumer's budget there is a need to incorporate this limitation in both the mathematical analysis and the graph representing the relationship. While cars and houses are discrete goods for most people, cheaper goods such as glasses and bicycles are discrete goods only for the very poor. On the national level, nuclear power plants or space stations may be considered discrete goods. The concept is more useful at the individual consumer's level than at the consumers' aggregate level, because for example the difference between 3,000,000 cars demanded and 3,000,001 cars demanded is so little that the market demand for cars can be viewed as essentially continuous.

The demand curve in the discrete case

The price where the consumer is indifferent between buying an extra unit and not buying an extra unit is called the reservation price (r) after the same term used in auctions. If p is the price of the good and n units of the good are demanded, then r_n>=p>=r_n+1. For example, John is considering whether to buy a car or not (n=0 or n=1). The price of the car is $15,000 (p=15,000). The determining factor in John's consumption choice is his reservation price, r, simply the maximum price he is willing to pay for the car, reflecting his preferences. If John purchases this car and only this car then r₁>=15,000>=r₂ but if he does not purchase the car then r₀>=15,000>=r₁.

As with other demand curves, discrete demand curves are usually downward sloping, but in the case of discrete goods the curve is shaped like a staircase, reflecting the properties of goods which can only be consumed in quantities of integers. The horizontal line segments represent prices at which the consumer is indifferent between buying an extra unit or not. The vertical line segments represent ranges of prices where the quantity demanded does not vary. Nevertheless, as prices change within these ranges, the consumer surplus may change.

Movements versus shifts

The demand curve is a two-dimensional depiction of the relationship between price and quantity demanded. Movements along the curve occur only if there is a change in quantity demanded caused by a change in the good's own price. A shift in the demand curve, referred to as a change in demand, occurs only if a non-price determinant of demand changes. For example, if the price of a complement were to increase, the demand curve would shift leftward reflecting a decrease in demand. The shifted demand curve represents a new demand equation.

Movement along a demand curve due to a change in the good's price results in a change in the ''quantity demanded'', not a change in ''demand''. A change in ''demand'' refers to a shift in the position of the demand curve in two-dimensional space resulting from a change in one of the other arguments of the demand function.

From individual to market demand curve

The market demand curve is the horizontal summation of individual consumer demand curves. Aggregation introduces three additional non-price determinants of demand: (1) the number of consumers; (2) "the distribution of tastes among the consumers"; and (3) "the distribution of incomes among consumers of different taste." Thus if the population of consumers increases, ''ceteris paribus'' the market demand curve will shift outward (to the right). If the proportion of consumers with a strong preference for a good increases, ''ceteris paribus'' the demand for the good will increase. Finally if the distribution of income changes is favor of those consumers with a strong preference for the good in question the demand will shift out. Factors that affect individual demand can also affect market demand. However, net effects must be considered. For example, a good that is a complement for one person is not necessarily a complement for another; Further, the strength of the relationship would vary among persons. So in the aggregate the goods might be substitutes or complements. Finally the demand for a firm's product or services will often depend on such factors as competitors prices and marketing strategies.

Horizontal versus vertical summation

When adding individual demand curves it is critical that the summation be horizontal rather than vertical. The derivation of the market demand function involves adding quantities. The conventional graphical representation is of the inverse demand function. Adding inverse demand equations involves adding prices. In order to add the demand functions algebraically one must first convert the inverse equation to the standard demand function where quantity demanded is a function of price. For example, assume that there are two consumers in a given market and their respective demand function are P = 30 - 2Q and P = 30 - 6Q. To sum these function to obtain market demand curve we must first convert to standard from. Q = 15 - (P/2) and Q = 5 - (P/6). Adding Q1 and Q2 = 15 - (P/2) + 5 - (P/6) = 20 - (4P/6)= 20 - 2P/3.

Coefficient Addition

Note that in aggregating individual demand curves to determine market demand we added the coefficients for the goods own price. The unexpressed assumption that is the basis for the addition is the law of one price. With some variables addition of coefficients is more problematic. For example income is an important determinant of demand. However, the percentage of additional income that a person would spend for a particular good or service varies widely making simple coefficient addition less tenable. To borrow an example from Nicholson assume that we have two consumers and that individuals 1’s demand for oranges is

X₁ = 10 - 2Px + .1I₁ + .5Py and individual 2’s demand for oranges is X₂ = 17 - Px + 0.05I₂ + .5Py

Where Px = the price of oranges

Py is the price of grapefruits

I₁ is consumer 1’s income

I₂ is consumer 2’s income.

The market demand functions would be X1 + X2 = 27 - 3Px + .1I₁ + 0.05I₂ + Py.

Specifying values for I₁, I₂ and Px and substituting them into the demand equation we have:

'''X₁ + X₂ = 27 - 3Px + .1I₁ + 0.05I₂ + Py.

X₁ + X₂ = 27 - 3Px + .1(40)₁ + 0.05(20)₂ + 4

X₁ + X₂ = 27 - 3Px + 4 + 1 + 4

X₁ + X₂ = 38 - 3Px'''

If the price of grapefruits increased to 5 then the demand equation would become

*X₁ + X₂ = 39 - 3Px. Graphically this change in the price of a non price determinant of demand would be reflected in a shift out of the demand curve as the x intercept changed from 38 to 39.

Note that if an income tax was imposed that transferred 5000 from individual 1 to individual 2 then the new demand equation becomes

''''''*X₁ + X₂ = 27 - 3Px + .1I₁ + 0.05I₂ + Py.

X₁ + X₂ = 27 - 3Px + .1(35) + 0.05(25) + 5.

X₁ + X₂ = 27 - 3Px + 3.5 + 1.25 + 5.

X₁ + X₂ = 27 - 3Px + 9.75

X₁ + X₂ = 36.75 - 3Px''''''

The redistribution of income has reduce demand and would be reflected in a shift inward of the demand curve. Note that the assumption that each perosn's demand for a good is independent of everyone else's demand for the same good is a necessary assumption for aggregation. Finally one must be aware that simple addition of coefficients can produce non-sensical results over certain range of prices. That is individual demand curves may not be valid at certain prices.

As Frank notes, "Horizontal summation works as a way of generating market demand curves from individual demand curves because all consumers in the market face the same market price for the product. But when incomes differ widely from one consumer to another, it makes no sense to hold income constant and add quantities across consumers."

Price elasticity of demand (PED)

PED is a measure of the sensitivity of the quantity variable, Q, to changes in the price variable, P. Elasticity answers the question of the percent by which the quantity demanded will change relative to (divided by) a given percentage change in the price. For infinitessimal changes the formula for calculating PED is the absolute value of (∂Q/∂P)×(P/Q).

Determinants of PED

The overriding factor in determining PED is the willingness and ability of consumers after a price changes to postpone immediate consumption decisions concerning the good and to search for substitutes (wait and look). The greater the incentive the consumer has to delay consumption and search for substitutes and the more readily available substitutes are the more elastic the demand will be. Specific factors are: :Availability of substitutes: The more choices that are available, the more elastic is the demand for a good. If the price of Pepsi goes up by 20%, one can always purchase Coke, 7-Up, Dr. Pepper and so forth. One's willingness and ability to postpone the consumption of Pepsi and get by with a "lesser brand" makes the PED of Pepsi relatively elastic. :Necessity: With a true necessity a consumer has neither the willingness nor the ability to postpone consumption. There are few or no satisfactory substitutes. Insulin is the ultimate necessity, so the demand for it is inelastic. :Importance is terms of proportion of income spent on a good: Most consumers have both the willingness and ability to postpone the purchase of big ticket items. If an item constitutes a significant portion of one's income, it is worth one's time to search for substitutes. A consumer will give more time and thought to the purchase of a $3000 television than a $1 candy bar, so demand for the former will be more elastic than demand for the latter. :Duration: The more time a consumer has to search for substitute goods, the more elastic the demand. :Breadth of definition: how specifically the good is defined. For example, the demand for automobiles is less elastic than the demand for Toyotas, which is in turn less elastic than the demand for Red Toyota Priuses. :Availability of information concerning substitute goods: The easier it is for a consumer to locate the substitute goods, the more willing he will be to undertake the search, and the more elastic demand will be.

Elasticity along linear demand curve

The slope of a linear demand curve is constant. The elasticity of demand changes continuously as one moves down the demand curve because the ratio of price to quantity continuously falls. At the point the demand curve intersects the y-axis PED is infinitely elastic, because the variable ''Q'' apperaing in the demominator of the elasticity formula is zero there. At the point the demand curve intersects the x-axis PED is zero, because the variable ''P'' appearing in the numerator of the elasticity formula is zero there. At one point on the demand curve PED is unitary elastic: PED equals one. Above the point of unitary elasticity is the elastic range of the demand curve (meaning that the elasticity is greater than one). Below is the inelastic range, in which the elasticity is less than one. The decline in elasticity as one moves down the curve is due to the falling P/Q ratio.

Constant price elasticity demand

$Q=aP^\{c\}$ where a & c are parameter, and the constant price elasticity is c and $c\backslash le\; 0$.

Market structure and the demand curve

In perfectly competitive markets the demand curve, the average revenue curve, and the marginal revenue curve all coincide and are horizontal at the market-given price. The demand curve is perfectly elastic and coincides with the average and marginal revenue curves. Economic actors are price-takers. Perfectly competitive firms have zero market power; that is, they have no ability to affect the terms and conditions of exchange. A perfectly competitive firm's decisions are limited to whether to produce and if so, how much. In less than perfectly competitive markets the demand curve is negatively sloped and there is a separate marginal revenue curve. A firm in a less than perfectly competitive market is a price-setter. The firm can decide how much to produce or what price to charge. In deciding one variable the firm is necessarily determining the other variable

Inverse demand function

In its standard form a linear demand equation is Q = a - bP. That is, quantity demanded is a function of price. The inverse demand equation, or price equation, treats price as a function g of quantity demanded: P = f(Q). To compute the inverse demand equation, simply solve for P from the demand equation. For example, if the demand equation is Q = 240 - 2P then the inverse demand equation would be P = 120 - .5Q, the right side of which is the inverse demand function.

The inverse demand function is useful in deriving the total and marginal revenue functions. Total revenue equals price, P, times quantity, Q, or TR = P×Q. Multiply the inverse demand function by Q to derive the total revenue function: TR = (120 - .5Q) × Q = 120Q - 0.5Q². The marginal revenue function is the first derivative of the total revenue function; here MR = 120 - Q. Note that the MR function has the same y-intercept as the inverse demand function in this linear example; the x-intercept of the MR function is one-half the value of that of the demand function, and the slope of the MR function is twice that of the inverse demand function. This relationship holds true for all linear demand equations. The importance of being able to quickly calculate MR is that the profit-maximizing condition for firms regardless of market structure is to produce where marginal revenue equals marginal cost (MC). To derive MC the first derivative of the total cost function is taken. For example assume cost, C, equals 420 + 60Q + Q². Then MC = 60 + 2Q. Equating MR to MC and solving for Q gives Q = 20. So 20 is the profit maximizing quantity: to find the profit-maximizing price simply plug the value of Q into the inverse demand equation and solve for P.

Residual demand curve

The demand curve facing a particular firm is called the residual demand curve. The residual demand curve is the market demand that is not met by other firms in the industry at a given price. The residual demand curve is the market demand curve D(p), minus the supply of other organizations, So(p): Dr(p) = D(p) - So(p )

Is the demand curve for PC firm really flat?

Practically every introductory microeconomics text describes the demand curve facing a perfectly competitive firm as being flat or horizontal. A horizontal demand curve is perfectly elastic. If there are n identical firms in the market then the elasticity of demand PED facing any one firm is :: PED_mi = nPED_m - (n - 1) PES where PEDm is the market elasticity of demand, PES is the elasticity of supply of each of the other firms, and (n -1) is the number of other firms. This formula suggests two things. The demand curve is not perfectly elastic and if there are a large number of firms in the industry the elasticity of demand for any individual firm will be extremely high and the demand curve facing the firm will be nearly flat.

For example assume that there are 80 firms in the industry and that the demand elasticity for industry is - 1.0 and the price elasticity of supply is 3. Then :PEDmi = nPEDm - (n - 1) PES, :PEDmi = (-1) - (80 - 1) 3, :PEDmi = -1(80) - (79 x 3) :PEDmi = -80 - 237 = - 317

That is the firm PED is 317 times as elastic as the market PED. If a firm raised its price "by one tenth of one percent demand would drop by nearly one third." if the firm raised its price by three tenths of one percent the quantity demanded would drop by nearly 100%. Three tenths of one percent marks the effective range of pricing power the firm has because any attempt to raise prices by a higher percentage will effectively reduce quantity demanded to zero.

See also

Demand chain

Demand curve

Demand schedule

Derived demand

Planned obsolescence

Law of demand

Law of supply

Supply (economics)

Supply and demand

Utility

Notes

Category:Consumer theory

bs:Potražnja ca:Demanda (economia) de:Nachfrage (Mikroökonomie) es:Demanda (economía) gl:Demanda hr:Potražnja it:Domanda (economia) pl:Popyt pt:Demanda ru:Спрос sq:Kërkesa sk:Dopyt sr:Potražnja

Name	Vinton Cerf
Birth date	June 23, 1943
Birth place	New Haven, Connecticut
Residence	USA
Citizenship	United States of America
Field	Computer science
Workplaces	IBM, UCLA, Stanford University, DARPA, MCI, CNRI, Google
Alma mater	Stanford University, UCLA
Known for	TCP/IPInternet Society
Prizes	National Medal of TechnologyPresidential Medal of FreedomTuring Award
Footnotes	}}

Vinton Gray "Vint" Cerf (; born June 23, 1943) is an American computer scientist, who is recognized as one of "the fathers of the Internet", sharing this title with American computer scientist Bob Kahn. His contributions have been acknowledged and lauded, repeatedly, with honorary degrees, and awards that include the National Medal of Technology, the Turing Award, the Presidential Medal of Freedom, and membership in the National Academy of Engineering.

In the early days, Cerf was a program manager for the United States Department of Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) funding various groups to develop TCP/IP technology. When the Internet began to transition to a commercial opportunity during the late 1980s, Cerf moved to MCI where he was instrumental in the development of the first commercial email system (MCI Mail) connected to the Internet.

Vinton Cerf was instrumental in the funding and formation of ICANN from the start. Cerf waited in the wings for a year before he stepped forward to join the ICANN Board. Eventually he became the Chairman of ICANN.

In 1992 he co-founded, with Bob Kahn the Internet Society to provide leadership in Internet related standards, education and policy.

Cerf has worked for Google as its Vice President and Chief Internet Evangelist since September 2005. In this function he has become well known for his predictions on how technology will affect future society, encompassing such areas as artificial intelligence, environmentalism, the advent of IPv6 and the transformation of the television industry and its delivery model.

Cerf also went to the same high school as Jon Postel and Steve Crocker; he wrote the former's obituary. Both were also instrumental in the creation of the Internet as we know it (see articles).

Since 2010, Cerf has served as a Commissioner for the Broadband Commission for Digital Development, a UN body which aims to make broadband internet technologies more widely available.

Life and career

Cerf was born in New Haven, Connecticut, the son of Muriel (née Gray), a homemaker, and Vinton Thurston Cerf, an aerospace executive. Cerf's first job after obtaining his B.S. degree in Mathematics from Stanford University was at IBM, where he worked for less than two years as a systems engineer supporting QUIKTRAN. He left IBM to attend graduate school at UCLA where he earned his M.S. degree in 1970 and his Ph.D. degree in 1972. During his graduate student years, he studied under Professor Gerald Estrin, worked in Professor Leonard Kleinrock's data packet networking group that connected the first two nodes of the ARPANet, the predecessor to the Internet, and "contributed to a host-to-host protocol" for the ARPANet. While at UCLA, he also met Robert E. Kahn, who was working on the ARPANet hardware architecture. After receiving his doctorate, Cerf became an assistant professor at Stanford University from 1972–1976, where he conducted research on packet network interconnection protocols and co-designed the DoD TCP/IP protocol suite with Kahn. thumb|right|Cerf playing Spacewar! on the Computer History Museum's PDP-1, ICANN meeting, 2007. Cerf then moved to DARPA in 1976, where he stayed until 1982.

As vice president of MCI Digital Information Services from 1982–1986, Cerf led the engineering of MCI Mail, the first commercial email service to be connected to the Internet. Cerf rejoined MCI during 1994 and served as Senior Vice President of Technology Strategy. In this role, he helped to guide corporate strategy development from a technical perspective. Previously, he served as MCI's senior vice president of Architecture and Technology, leading a team of architects and engineers to design advanced networking frameworks, including Internet-based solutions for delivering a combination of data, information, voice and video services for business and consumer use.

During 1997, Cerf joined the Board of Trustees of Gallaudet University, a university for the education of the deaf and hard-of-hearing. Cerf is hard of hearing.

Cerf joined the board of the Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN) in 1999, and served until the end of 2007.

Cerf is a member of the Bulgarian President Georgi Parvanov's IT Advisory Council, a group created by Presidential Decree on March 8, 2002. He is also a member of the Advisory Board of Eurasia Group, the political risk consultancy.

Cerf is also working on the Interplanetary Internet, together with NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory. It will be a new standard to communicate from planet to planet, using radio/laser communications that are tolerant of signal degradation.

During February 2006, Cerf testified before the U.S. Senate Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation's Hearing on “Network Neutrality”. Speaking as Google's Chief Internet Evangelist, Cerf blamed the anticompetitive intentions and practices of telecommunications conglomerates like Comcast and Verizon for the fact that nearly half of all consumers lack meaningful choice in broadband providers. Google made a bid in 2006 to offer free wireless broadband access throughout the city of San Francisco in conjunction with Internet service provider Earthlink, Inc. Vertically-integrated telecommunications incumbents like Comcast and Verizon opposed such efforts on the part of Silicon Valley firms like Google and Intel (which promotes the WiMax standard) as undermining their revenue in a form of "unfair competition" whereby cities would violate their commitments to offer local monopolies to telecommunications conglomerates. Google currently offers free wi-fi access in its hometown of Mountain View, California.

Cerf currently serves on the board of advisors of Scientists and Engineers for America, an organization focused on promoting sound science in American government. He also serves on the advisory council of CRDF Global.

Cerf is on the board of trustees of ARIN, the Regional Internet Registry (RIR) of IP addresses for United States, Canada, and part of the Caribbean.

Cerf is on the board of directors of StopBadware, a non-profit anti-malware organization that Google has supported since its inception as a project at Harvard University's Berkman Center for Internet & Society.

Cerf is on the board of advisors of The Hyperwords Company Ltd of the UK, which works to make the web more usefully interactive and which has produced the free Firefox Add-On called 'Hyperwords'.

During 2008 Cerf chaired the IDNAbis working group of the IETF.

Cerf was a major contender to be designated the nation's first Chief Technology Officer by President Barack Obama.

Cerf is the co-chair of Campus Party Silicon Valley, the US edition of one of the largest technology festivals in the world, along with Al Gore and Tim Berners-Lee.

Awards and honors

Cerf has received a number of honorary degrees, including doctorates, from the University of the Balearic Islands, ETH in Switzerland, Capitol College, Gettysburg College, George Mason University, Marymount University, University of Pisa, University of Rovira and Virgili (Tarragona, Spain), Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Luleå University of Technology (Sweden), University of Twente (Netherlands), Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Brooklyn Polytechnic, UPCT (University of Cartagena, Spain), Royal Roads University (Canada) and Polytechnic University of Madrid.

Further awards include:

Edward A. Dickson Alumnus of the Year Award from UCLA

Prince of Asturias award for science and technology

Fellow of the IEEE, 1988, "for contributions and leadership in the design, development, and application of internet protocols"

Fellow of the Association for Computing Machinery, 1994, for "vision and leadership in the design, implementation, evolution, and dissemination of the TCP/IP computer communication protocol suite"

Yuri Rubinsky Memorial Award, 1996

SIGCOMM Award for "contributions to the Internet [spanning] more than 25 years, from development of the fundamental TCP/IP protocols".

Certificate of Merit from The Franklin Institute, in 1996.

In December 1997 he, along with his partner Robert E. Kahn, was presented with the National Medal of Technology by President Bill Clinton, "for creating and sustaining development of Internet Protocols and continuing to provide leadership in the emerging industry of internetworking."

He received the Living Legend Medal from the Library of Congress in April 2000

Cerf was selected as a Fellow of the Association for Women in Science (AWIS) in 2000

Cerf and Kahn were the winners of the Turing Award for 2004, for their "pioneering work on internetworking, including .. the Internet's basic communications protocols .. and for inspired leadership in networking." In November 2005, Vinton Cerf and Kahn were awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom by President George W. Bush for their contributions to the creation of the Internet.

He and Robert Kahn were inducted into the National Inventors Hall of Fame in May 2006

Vinton Cerf was awarded the St. Cyril and Methodius in the Coat of Arms Order in July 2006

Vinton Cerf and Robert Kahn were each inducted as an Honorary Fellow of the Society for Technical Communication (STC) in May 2006

He and Robert Kahn were awarded the Japan Prize in January 2008.

Cerf was inducted into the Worshipful Company of Information Technologists and given the Freedom of the City of London in April 2008.

Dr. Cerf was awarded an honorary membership in the Yale Political Union after keynoting a lively debate on the subject "Resolved: Online Communities are Real Communities." The motion passed. In celebration of the five year-anniversary of Youtube he was selected as a guest curator by the site, and chose the six videos on Youtube he found most memorable. In May 2011, he was awarded an HPI Fellowship as “[…]a tribute to his work for a new medium which influenced the everyday life of our society like no other one.”

Partial bibliography

Author

''Zero Text Length EOF Message'' (RFC 13, August 1969)

''IMP-IMP and HOST-HOST Control Links'' (RFC 18, September 1969)

''ASCII format for network interchange'' (RFC 20, October 1969)

''Host-host control message formats'' (RFC 22, October 1969)

''Data transfer protocols'' (RFC 163, May 1971)

''PARRY encounters the DOCTOR'' (RFC 439, January 1973)

'' 'Twas the night before start-up'' (RFC 968, December 1985)

''Report of the second Ad Hoc Network Management Review Group'', RFC 1109, August 1989

''Internet Activities Board'', RFC 1120, September 1989

''Thoughts on the National Research and Education Network'', RFC 1167, July 1990

''Networks'', Scientific American Special Issue on Communications, Computers, and Networks, September, 1991

''Guidelines for Internet Measurement Activities'', October 1991

''A VIEW FROM THE 21ST CENTURY'', RFC 1607, April 1, 1994

''An Agreement between the Internet Society and Sun Microsystems, Inc. in the Matter of ONC RPC and XDR Protocols'', RFC 1790, April 1995

''I REMEMBER IANA'', RFC 2468, October 17, 1998

''Memo from the Consortium for Slow Commotion Research (CSCR'', RFC 1217, April 1, 1999

''The Internet is for Everyone'', RFC 3271, April 2002

Co-author

Vinton Cerf, Robert Kahn, ''A Protocol for Packet Network Intercommunication'' (IEEE Transactions on Communications, May 1974)

Vinton Cerf, Y. Dalal, C. Sunshine, ''Specification of Internet Transmission Control Program'' (RFC 675, December 1974)

Vinton Cerf, Jon Postel, ''Mail transition plan'' (RFC 771, September 1980)

Vinton Cerf, K.L. Mills ''Explaining the role of GOSIP'', RFC 1169, August 1990

Clark, Chapin, Cerf, Braden, Hobby, ''Towards the Future Internet Architecture'', RFC 1287, December 1991

Vinton Cerf et al., ''A Strategic Plan for Deploying an Internet X.500 Directory Service'', RFC 1430, February 1993

Vinton Cerf & Bob Kahn, ''Al Gore and the Internet,'' 2000-09-28

Vinton Cerf et al., ''Internet Radio Communication System'' July 9, 2002, U.S. Patent 6,418,138

Vinton Cerf et al., ''System for Distributed Task Execution'' June 3, 2003, U.S. Patent 6,574,628

Vinton Cerf et al., ''Delay-Tolerant Networking Architecture (Informational Status)'', RFC 4838, April 2007

Notes and references

External links

A Protocol For Packet Network Intercommunication The IEEE paper Cerf co-wrote with Bob Kahn that describes TCP.

Oral history interview with Vinton G. Cerf. Charles Babbage Institute University of Minnesota, Minneapolis. Cerf describes his involvement with the ARPA network, including his work for the Network Measurement Center at UCLA, and his relationships with Bolt Beranek and Newman, Robert Kahn, Lawrence Roberts, and the Network Working Group. Aso discusses development of the TCP/IP protocol, IPTO funding at Stanford University, his decision in 1976 to become a program manager for networking projects at IPTO, and the military use of IPTO networking projects.

Vint Cerf video lecture "Mobile and the Interplanetary Internet (Bundle Protocol on Earth and beyond)" at Aarhus University, Denmark

Vint Cerf video lecture "The Internet in 2035"

Vint Cerf video interview on the evolution of the Internet

Vint Cerf audio interview on The History of the Internet: Part I - Past - 16 minutes. Precursors & origins of the Internet

Vint Cerf audio interview on The History of the Internet: Part II - Present - 18 minutes. Internet Neutrality, Cloud Computing, Open Source / Collaboration

Vint Cerf audio interview on The History of the Internet: Part III - Future - 12 minutes. NASA's Interplanetary Internet, Speech & Gestural Interfaces, Quantum Entanglement

Internet Pioneers - Vint Cerf

ICANNWiki on Vint Cerf

Vint Cerf on "Freedom of the Internet", 45 mins., official web stream of presentation for Hungarian "TV University", March 2007

DeafLife features on Vint Cerf, November 1997

Vint Cerf lecture "Tracking the Internet into the 21st Century" for the Worshipful Company of Information Technologists at City University London in April 2008.

Vint Cerf on the future of the internet

Vinton Cerf on IPv6, video keynote for the German IPv6 summit 2008

Vinton Cerf Headline PTC's PTC'09 Conference January 2009. Video:Part 1 Part 2 Part 3

One hour radio interview about Google and the future of the internet on Entitled Opinions with Robert P. Harrison

Archive of 'Cerf's Up' webpages while at MCI, Inc..

Keynote Speaker at Internet Librarian 2009, October 2009

Tracking the Internet into the 21st Century discussion with Larry Smarr at University of California San Diego, April 2007

Video of interview ''What’s Next with the Internet'' at Churchill Club, January 2010

Keeping the Net Healthy discussion with Paul Mockapetris, Esther Dyson, and Bruce McConnell at The Commonwealth Club, October 2010

Category:Technology evangelists Category:American computer scientists Category:American engineers Category:Google employees Category:Members of the United States National Academy of Engineering Category:1943 births Category:Living people Category:People from New Haven, Connecticut Category:People from Connecticut Category:National Inventors Hall of Fame inductees Category:National Medal of Technology recipients Category:Stanford University alumni Category:University of California, Los Angeles alumni Category:Presidential Medal of Freedom recipients Category:Turing Award laureates Category:Fellows of the Association for Computing Machinery Category:Fellow Members of the IEEE Category:Japan Prize laureates Category:Computer pioneers Category:Internet Society Category:Internet pioneers Category:Members of the Royal Swedish Academy of Engineering Sciences

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Jim Rohn (September 17, 1930 - December 5, 2009) was an American entrepreneur, author and motivational speaker. His rags to riches story played a large part in his work, which influenced others in the personal development industry.

Early life

Emanuel James "Jim" Rohn was born in Yakima, Washington to Emanuel and Clara Rohn. The Rohns owned and worked a farm in Caldwell, Idaho where Jim grew up, as an only child.

Career

Jim graduated from high school 3rd out of a class of 140. He went to college for a year and a half before dropping out and joining the work force. At age 25, according to his accounts, he was working as a stock clerk for Sears collecting a weekly $57 paycheck. He wasn't broke but struggling financially, unable to see a way that would lead to his personal ambitions. Around this time, a friend invited him to a lecture given by John Earl Shoaff, an entrepreneur who impressed Rohn with his wealth, business accomplishments, charisma and life philosophy. Shoaff was, at that time, VP of Sales in a nutritional supplement company called AbundaVita. In October, 1955, Rohn joined AbundaVita and began a process of personal development that culminated in his becoming a millionaire by age 31. Shoaff, who had challenged Rohn at age 25 to reach for this goal, died one year before Rohn achieved it at age 31.

Rohn was invited by a friend to come and tell his "rags-to-riches" story to his Rotary club. He accepted and titled his talk "Idaho farm boy makes it to Beverly Hills." The talk went so well that soon others began asking him to speak at various luncheons and other events. In 1963, at the Beverly Hills Hotel, he gave his first public seminar. He then began presenting seminars all over the country, telling his story and teaching the personal development philosophy he felt had led to his accomplishments.

Throughout the 70's, Rohn conducted a number of seminars for the management and employees of the Marketing Dept. of Standard Oil (California) which now does business as Chevron Corporation. At the same time, he conducted a personal development business called "Adventures in Achievement" which featured both live seminars as well as personal development workshops. Ultimately, he presented seminars ''worldwide'' for more than 40 years.

Tony Robbins who worked for Rohn in the late 70's, was mentored by Rohn during the early years of his career. Others who credit Rohn for his influence on their careers include authors Mark Victor Hansen and Jack Canfield (Chicken Soup book series), author/lecturer Brian Tracy, T. Harv Eker, author/teacher Vincent's Genesius Evans, from Indonesia.

Rohn was the recipient of the 1985 National Speakers Association CPAE Award for excellence in speaking. He is also the author of 17 different books, audio and video programs.

Death

Jim Rohn died of pulmonary fibrosis after an 18-month battle on December 5, 2009 in West Hills, California.

''Five Major Pieces To the Life Puzzle''

Rohn's book ''Five Major Pieces to the Life Puzzle'', published in 1991, was built around what he considered the five components of success:

Philosophy - how you think

Attitude - how you feel

Action - what you do

Results - measure often to see if you are making progress

Lifestyle - the kind of life you can make for yourself out of the first four pieces

See also

Personal development

Motivational speaking

References

External links

Jim Rohn official website

Jim Rohn official FaceBook page

Jim Rohn's biography at Woopidoo biographies

70 Jim Rohn Quotations at BrainyQuote.com

Category:1930 births Category:2009 deaths Category:Deaths from pulmonary fibrosis Category:Disease-related deaths in Michigan Category:American motivational writers Category:American motivational speakers Category:People associated with Direct Sales

cs:Jim Rohn de:Jim Rohn fr:Jim Rohn es:Jim Rohn fa:جیم ران he:ג'ים רוהן ru:Рон, Джим sr:Џим Рон

Juanita Bynum (born January 16, 1959) is an American Pentecostal televangelist, author, actress and gospel singer.

name	Juanita Bynum-Weeks
pseudonym	Juanita Bynum
birth name	Juanita Bynum
birth date	January 16, 1959
birth place	Chicago USA
occupation	Author, televangelist, gospel singer
spouse	Thomas Wesley Weeks III (2002-2008)
website	http://www.juanitabynum.com }}

Early life

Juanita Bynum is one of 5 children, from the marriage of Elder Thomas Bynum Sr. and Katherine Bynum. She grew up in Chicago, and received a starring role in Perry Middle School's annual play, ''My Fair Lady''. Bynum attended Saints' Academy Church of God in Christ (COGIC) High School (a boarding school) in Lexington, Mississippi. Bynum was raised as an attendee at St. Luke Church of God in Christ, in Chicago, a Pentecostal church.

Personal life

After Bynum graduated from high school, she started preaching in nearby churches and at revivals. Gaining some notoriety at this point, she began a series of what she calls "Lessons in Submission".

In 1996 Bishop T.D. Jakes invited Bynum to attend one of his singles' conferences, where she rose from attendee to speaker in 2 years. In 1997, she released her ''No More Sheets'' video and audiotape series about her change of lifestyle out of sexual promiscuity. In July 1999, Bynum re-preached "No More Sheets" at Jakes' 52,000 attendee ''Woman, Thou Art Loosed!'' Conference in Atlanta. She began appearing regularly on the Trinity Broadcasting Network as an anointed prophetess.

In 2000, Bynum taught a class on the subjects of character, submission and time management at New Greater Bethel Ministries in Jamaica, New York, attended by a class of approximately 70 women. While teaching, her ''Women's Weapons of Power Conference'' was organized. The Weapons of Power conference was held annually through 2006.

Marriage

Bynum was first married in the early 1980s, but the marriage ended in divorce. In 2007, Bynum claimed that she suffered domestic abuse in that marriage, but that she had "made a vow that I would not talk about that situation because it was over 20 years ago."

Bynum married Thomas Wesley Weeks, III in 2002.

Early on August 22, 2007, Bynum was beaten by her husband, who eventually pled guilty to aggravated assault charges. Weeks was given 3 years probation, 200 hours of non-church related community service, and ordered to attend anger management counseling. In June 2008 Bynum and Weeks were divorced.

Discography

''Morning Glory'' (Shekinah, 1999)

''Morning Glory, Volume 2: Behind The Veil'' (Shekinah, 2000)

''A Piece of My Passion'' (Flow, 2005)

''Gospel Goes Classical'' (featuring Jonathan Butler) (Flow, 2006)

''Christmas at Home with Juanita'' (Flow, 2006)

''Pour My Love On You'' (Flow, 2008)

''More Passion'' (Flow, 2010)

''The Diary of Juanita Bynum'' (Son Flower / Spirit Rising / Music World Entertainment, 2010)

References

External links

Official website

Category:1959 births Category:Living people Category:People from Chicago, Illinois Category:American Pentecostals Category:Members of the Church of God in Christ Category:American evangelists

name	Rebecca MacKinnon
birth date	September 16, 1969
birth place	Berkeley, California, USA
occupation	}}

Rebecca MacKinnon is a former CNN journalist who headed the CNN bureaus in Beijing and later in Tokyo, before leaving television to become a blogger and co-founder of Global Voices Online. She is on the Board of Directors of the Global Network Initiative and the Committee to Protect Journalists, and is currently with the New America Foundation as a Bernard L. Schwartz fellow

Early life

Born in Berkeley, California in 1969. MacKinnon's family moved when she was three years old to Tempe, Arizona where her father Stephen R. MacKinnon took a job as Professor of Chinese History at Arizona State University. Her parents' academic research caused her to spend most of her primary school years in Delhi, India, Hong Kong, and Beijing, China before moving back to Arizona for middle and high school. She graduated from Tempe High in 1987 and graduated from Harvard University in 1991 with a B.A. magna cum laude in Government.

After graduation, she was a Fulbright scholar in Taiwan, where she also worked as a ''Newsweek'' stringer.

CNN

MacKinnon joined CNN in 1992 as Beijing Bureau Assistant and moved up to Producer/Correspondent by 1997 and Bureau Chief by 1998. In 2001 she became Tokyo Bureau Chief. During her time with CNN, she interviewed notable leaders including Junichiro Koizumi, Dalai Lama, Pervez Musharraf, and Mohammad Khatami.

Recent life and work

In the Spring of 2004, MacKinnon was a fellow of the Joan Shorenstein Center on the Press, Politics and Public Policy at Harvard's Kennedy School of Government. That Summer, she joined Harvard Law School's Berkman Center for Internet & Society as a Research Fellow, where she remained until December 2006. Among her projects at the Berkman Center, MacKinnon founded Global Voices Online in collaboration with Ethan Zuckerman. In January 2007 she joined the Journalism and Media Studies Center at the University of Hong Kong, where she remained until January 2009. She spent February 2009-January 2010 conducting research and writing as an Open Society Fellow, funded by George Soros' Open Society Institute. Then in February 2010 she joined Princeton University's Center for Information Technology Policy where she is a visiting fellow, working on a book about the future of freedom in the Internet age. As of September 2010 she is also fellow at the New America Foundation.

In January 2007, she joined the inaugural Wikimedia Foundation Advisory Board.

References

External links

RConversation (Rebecca MacKinnon's blog)

Rebecca MacKinnon curriculum vitae (As of Jan.2007)

People - Berkman Center for Internet & Society

Global Voices Online

Journalism and Media Studies Center

New Media Workshop

Open Society Fellowship

Center for Information Technology Policy

Global Network Initiative

Committee to Protect Journalists

Category:Living people Category:1969 births Category:Berkman Fellows Category:American bloggers Category:Citizen journalism Category:Harvard University alumni Category:Internet activists Category:People from Tempe, Arizona Category:Virtual communities Category:Wikimedia Foundation Advisory Board members Category:American human rights activists

he:רבקה מקינון zh:麦康瑞